Sohainesian phonology

This article is a technical description of the sound system of the Sohainesian language, including phonetics and phonology. It has 49 consonant phonemes, and 11 vowels.

Initials

 * {| class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! colspan="2" | Dental Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palatal ! Velar ! Labial-velar ! glottal ! rowspan="4" | Plosive ! colspan="2" | Nasal ! rowspan="2" | Affricate ! rowspan="2" | Fricative ! colspan="2" | Approximant ! colspan="2" | Lateral
 * style="background: #efefef;" | tenuis
 * p ⟨p⟩
 * t ⟨t⟩
 * ʈ ⟨ṫ⟩
 * c ⟨c⟩
 * k ⟨k⟩
 * kp ⟨kp⟩
 * ʔ
 * style="background: #efefef;" | voiced
 * b ⟨b⟩
 * d ⟨d⟩
 * ɖ ⟨ḋ⟩
 * ɟ ⟨j⟩
 * ɡ ⟨g⟩
 * ɡb ⟨gb⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | aspirated
 * pʰ ⟨ph⟩
 * tʰ ⟨th⟩
 * ʈʰ ⟨ṫh⟩
 * kʰ ⟨kh⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | glottalized
 * ɓ ⟨b'⟩
 * ɗ ⟨d'⟩
 * ʄ ⟨j'⟩
 * ɠ ⟨g'⟩
 * kʰ ⟨kh⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | glottalized
 * ɓ ⟨b'⟩
 * ɗ ⟨d'⟩
 * ʄ ⟨j'⟩
 * ɠ ⟨g'⟩
 * ɓ ⟨b'⟩
 * ɗ ⟨d'⟩
 * ʄ ⟨j'⟩
 * ɠ ⟨g'⟩
 * ʄ ⟨j'⟩
 * ɠ ⟨g'⟩
 * m ⟨m⟩
 * n ⟨n⟩
 * ɳ ⟨ṅ⟩
 * ɲ ⟨ny⟩
 * ŋ ⟨ń⟩
 * ŋ ⟨ń⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | tenuis
 * ts ⟨ts⟩
 * ʈʂ ⟨ċ⟩
 * tɕ ⟨ç⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | voiced
 * dz ⟨dz⟩
 * ɖʐ ⟨dż⟩
 * dʑ ⟨dz̧⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | voiced
 * dz ⟨dz⟩
 * ɖʐ ⟨dż⟩
 * dʑ ⟨dz̧⟩
 * dz ⟨dz⟩
 * ɖʐ ⟨dż⟩
 * dʑ ⟨dz̧⟩
 * dʑ ⟨dz̧⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | voiceless
 * f ⟨f⟩
 * s ⟨s⟩
 * ʂ ⟨ṡ⟩
 * ɕ ⟨ş⟩
 * x ⟨x⟩
 * h ⟨h⟩
 * style="background: #efefef;" | voiced
 * v ⟨v⟩
 * z ⟨z⟩
 * ʐ ⟨ż⟩
 * ʑ ⟨z̧⟩
 * ɣ ⟨ğ⟩
 * z ⟨z⟩
 * ʐ ⟨ż⟩
 * ʑ ⟨z̧⟩
 * ɣ ⟨ğ⟩
 * ɹ ⟨r⟩
 * j ⟨y⟩
 * ɰ ⟨ÿ⟩
 * w ⟨w⟩
 * j ⟨y⟩
 * ɰ ⟨ÿ⟩
 * w ⟨w⟩
 * l ⟨l⟩
 * }
 * /w, j/ are the only initial consonants permitted to form consonant clusters with other consonants.
 * /p, ɓ, m/ are bilabial while /f, v/ are labiodental.
 * /t, tʰ, ɗ/ are denti-alveolar, /s, z/ are laminal, and /n, ɹ, l/ are apico-alveolar.
 * A glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted before words that begin with a vowel or semivowel.
 * }
 * /w, j/ are the only initial consonants permitted to form consonant clusters with other consonants.
 * /p, ɓ, m/ are bilabial while /f, v/ are labiodental.
 * /t, tʰ, ɗ/ are denti-alveolar, /s, z/ are laminal, and /n, ɹ, l/ are apico-alveolar.
 * A glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted before words that begin with a vowel or semivowel.
 * /t, tʰ, ɗ/ are denti-alveolar, /s, z/ are laminal, and /n, ɹ, l/ are apico-alveolar.
 * A glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted before words that begin with a vowel or semivowel.

Vowels

 * {| class="wikitable nowrap" style="text-align: center;"

! ! colspan="2" | Front ! Central ! colspan="2" | Back ! ! Close ! Mid ! Centering ! Open
 * unrounded
 * rounded
 * unrounded
 * unrounded
 * rounded
 * i ⟨i⟩
 * y ⟨ü⟩
 * ɯ ⟨ï⟩
 * u ⟨u⟩
 * u ⟨u⟩
 * e ⟨e⟩
 * ø ⟨ö⟩
 * ə ⟨ə⟩
 * ɤ ⟨ë⟩
 * o ⟨o⟩
 * iə ⟨iə⟩
 * yə ⟨üə⟩
 * ɯə ⟨ïə⟩
 * uə ⟨uə⟩
 * uə ⟨uə⟩
 * a ⟨a⟩
 * }
 * All vowels are unrounded except for the three back rounded vowels: /u, o, uə/.
 * The unrounded back vowels /ɯ, ɤ, ɯə/ are near-back [ɯ̟, ɤ̟, ɯ̟ə] and become [ɨ, ə, ɨə] after palatalized consonants.
 * /y/ is near-close [y̠].
 * /e, ɤ, o/ are mid /e̞, ɤ̞, o̞/.
 * /a/ is central /ä/.
 * The unrounded back vowels /ɯ, ɤ, ɯə/ are near-back [ɯ̟, ɤ̟, ɯ̟ə] and become [ɨ, ə, ɨə] after palatalized consonants.
 * /y/ is near-close [y̠].
 * /e, ɤ, o/ are mid /e̞, ɤ̞, o̞/.
 * /a/ is central /ä/.

Finals

 * {| class="wikitable"

! ! Labial ! Dental ! Palatal ! Velar
 * Plosive
 * p
 * t
 * c
 * k
 * Nasal
 * m
 * n
 * ŋ
 * Approximant
 * w
 * j
 * }
 * Approximant
 * w
 * j
 * }
 * }
 * }

Tones
Like many East Asian languages, Sohainesian uses tone to distinguish words, with the number of possible tones depending on the type of final. In finals that end in a stop, the number of tones is reduced to three. Tones only occur in Chinese loanwords.

There are 7 phonetic tones in Sohainesian: high, mid, low, high rising, low rising, high falling, low falling.


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Tone name ! Tone ID ! Contour ! Diacritic (Ping'am)
 * High level
 * 1
 * ˦˥ 45
 * Mid level
 * 2
 * ˧ 33
 * Low level
 * 3
 * ˨˩ 21
 * High rising
 * 4
 * ˧˥ 35
 * Low rising
 * 5
 * ˩˧ 13
 * High falling
 * 6
 * ˥˧ 53
 * Low falling
 * 7
 * ˧˩ 31
 * }
 * 5
 * ˩˧ 13
 * High falling
 * 6
 * ˥˧ 53
 * Low falling
 * 7
 * ˧˩ 31
 * }
 * Low falling
 * 7
 * ˧˩ 31
 * }
 * }